Marxism in Literature: Conflict in the Classics Essay

Two short stories will be dissectd using a bolshy lens to investigate unresolved fight among characters and situations where conflict arises to acquaint class struggle in society. Both Hills Like White Elephants by Hemingway and The Man Who Was Almost a Man by Wright show conflict in their characters lives and in larger society. Those who use Marxist literary theory to explore the characters and their settings in society use both the external and internal conflicts in a characters vitality.Sometimes the inner conflict can mirror external problems in a symbolic way, so Marxist theorists must postdate the same literary devices as other critics, such as symbolism, personification, metaphor and so on to comprehend how the conflict can best be described. In Hills Like White Elephants, there is much symbolism suggesting the war between natural versus unnatural that is both external and internal.In The Man Who Was Almost a Man the young character illustrates both conscious and subcon scious acts of rebellion while living life in poverty and the shame of beatings from his parents and chastising from the white members of his community. It is genuinely significant to look at these parts of the stories to find Marxist themes and modes for thinking in a way that supports Marxist theories.It should be noted that Marxism as an political theory transcends sociological and political realms to support the use of literature by the masses to further the aims of Marxist thought, but literary critics use the tenets of conflict and class to analyze the bets without a motive for their study, but instead a honest lens of viewing genial problems that are amplified in literature. Some critics, especially those of the Post-modernism enlighten agree that ideology has no surface in these works and their rebuke should be noted.But the stories that will be used here will be simply analyzed in terms of class and conflict without any ideological preconceptions while ignoring the misconceptions of critics. It is the latter course I pursue here, though in conclusion I shall raise the question how far the concept of ideology can still be fruitfully applied to literature. I concentrate, further much, on criticism within the Marxist tradition, because it is here that the most systematic attempts have been made to think literature in relation to the concept of ideology.Of course, a non-Marxist may learn somewhat similar questions of the literary text, without using the concept of ideology, to those asked by a Marxist critic whose analysis relies on the concept. Moreover, not even all Marxist critics make use of the term (Moriarty, 2006, p 43). Though, Moriarty does make reference to the fact that not all Marxist critics use ideology in their criticisms, it may be a common misconception among other critics that ideology must always be a part of review.Instead conflict, such as the problem between the join in Hills Like White Elephants have nothing to do with ide ology and instead conflict and progress and the themes surrounding this. In Hills Like White Elephants a question by the editor of the anthology containing the work is posed, What kind of resultant role does the story offer (Pickering, 2001, 681)? A Marxist critic would be concerned with this type of answer.A story without a resolution means that the central theme still exists in society and cannot be resolved by either the characters of the world at large. The storys main conflict is a choice that the couple has to make between themselves as to if they will chose to have the woman undergo an abortion. But, the conflict of the two is not the central theme, it is the central conflict however. But underlying this is the theme of the contrast between what is manmade and what is natural.An abortion, obviously, is in the manmade category, making it significant. But, there is no resolution in this story and that would leave a Marxist critic to believe that the issue that cannot be resolv ed is not with the couple, but with the mechanical nature of life and the flight from the natural state of man (and woman). This analysis can be found in the scenery described by Hemingway, with beautiful natural hills out of doors of one window and on the other side is a train station, tracks, and so-called civilization.In keeping with the idea of the issues surrounding mechanical production and training (especially in literature), it should be noted that the earliest Marxist thinkers did believe that a great deal of good could come from the dissemination of literature to forward a Marxist movement. Walter Benjamin is on Marxist theorist, not a literary critic, but his ideas may have influenced the discourse of other critics into embracing Marxist literary criticism.He believes that no matter how revolutionary ones thoughts, if they were expressed in a conventional, academic indite style, they would be inevitably be swallowed up in the routines of bourgeois culture (Gardner, 200 1, 249). This belief meant that the only hope for works not being swallowed up in the bourgeois culture was to make writing less academic and more creative and to use literary works to further Marxist ideals. This, however, was the root of Marxist ideals aimed to be put in place at least a century ago.So this new lens of Marxist criticism should be separated by politics and ideology of more Communistic times around the world to today and the struggles that are timeless. The Man Who Was Almost a Man provides a timeless look at teenage rebellion, rebellion against society, poverty, and class struggle. The teenager believes that in buying a gun, he will be free from the constraints that are heavily put on him. The native them is rebellion and freedom, which is a highly Marxist ideal. But, interestingly enough it can be said that there is some closure in this characters life by him choosing to flee his oppressive environment.However, it is a mystery as to where this utopian life he see ks will lead, making this an unresolved conflict. Pickering asks in his Questions for canvass after reading the story does Daves decision to climb aboard the freight train a convincing conclusion to the story (Pickering, 2001, 1447)? It is not, as tell before, as the utopia that Dave seeks is unclear and may very well not exist. Michael Delahoyde in his class website reveals that Marxist critics will ask this questions about the stories they read. All of these questions linger in the stories chosen for analysis.What role does class play in the work what is the authors analysis of class relations? How do characters overcome oppression? In what ways does the work serve as propaganda for the status quo or does it try to undermine it? What does the work say about oppression or are social conflicts ignored or blamed elsewhere? Does the work propose some form of utopian vision as a solution to the problems encountered in the work? In conclusion, the stories chosen here briefly highlight the questions that Marxist critics ask when reading and analyzing literature.There is obvious discourse in other communities of criticism and ideology, politics, and the aims of Marxists in heated Communistic times should not be confused with Marxist criticisms of today. The works analyzed are viewed in a simple lens, asking simple questions that affect society and class struggle. These stories al pose interesting ways in which personal struggles translate to wider questions and the lack of resolutions require deeper thought as to what those resolutions exponent be. Works CitedMichael Delahoyde, Class Website for Introduction to literary productions, Marxist Criticism, Accessible online http//www. wsu. edu/delahoyd/marxist. crit. html. Last accessed 15, November, 2008. Roberta Gardner, Walter Benjamin in Social Theory Continuity & Confrontation. (2000), Toronto, Ontario, CA Broadview Press. 249. Michael Moriarty, Ideology and Literature in Journal of Political Ideologies (Februa ry 2006), 11(1), 43. James Pickering, Questions for Study in Fiction 100 An Anthology of Short Stories 9th Ed. (2001), Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. 681 & 1447.

A Solution For South African Energy Crisis Environmental Sciences Essay

This study investigates assorted sustain able-bodied strength beginnings in shape to peck up which beginning would be most skilful to run into the electrical energy demand of southwestward Africa. Hydro- zippo, ship present-day(prenominal) zip, ocean current aught and solar muscle were studied. Although an substructure already exist, for nimbus current energy the study concludes that solar energy would be the most dependable renewable energy beginning. new-fangled societies across the Earth are dependent on the availability of dependable electricity run for the headache of human and economical activities. Worldwide people are hence progressively concerned rough the handiness and the sustainability of energy beginnings for the coevals of electricity.Presently in South Africa the topic sustainable energy is besides high-pitched on the docket. This study volition look into the place of electricity supply in South Africa and the likely solution that sustainable energ y beginnings might keep for South Africa.This study will foremost let on a historical overview of the origin and the development of the electricity supply industry in South Africa. thusly it will look briefly at the complex inquiries that electricity providers have to face. Finally the assorted types of sustanable energy applicable to South Africa, viz. hydroenergy, pedigree current energy, ocean current energy and solar energy will be discussed.2 Historic overviewThe history of the origin and development of the Southern Afri feces electricity supply industry is a absorbing topic. The ripe challenges, the interaction with Industry every bit good as political leaders is non new, but has been portion of electricity from the exever-changing on of the eldest street visible radiations on the African innocent in Kimberley on 1 September 1882, three yearss before the launching of the first commercialized reason station in sweet York.The history of sustainable energy in South Afric a is in fact longer than most people would conceive of. Already in 1895 there were attempts to lean the hydro-energy potency of the Victoria Waterfalls. In 1895, forty old ages after Livingstone had discovered the Victoria Falls, Professor George Forbes arrived in Southern Africa. He was the interior decorator of the Niagara Falls Hydroelectric forefinger Station, which was at that clip the largest function dodge in the universe. With the Victoria Falls, non merely every bit broad as Niagara, but with double the tallness, he could non neglect to be impressed by its achievable as a hydroelectric strategy to provide the Witwatersrand with an abundant and inexpensive supply of electricity.Although the chief obstruction came in the signifier of the 1 000 klick distance over which the occasion had to be transmitted, a subordinate called the African Concession Syndicate was created in 1901. This mob was granted the exclusive right to tackle the Zambezi River for present and future h ydroelectric situation strategies. In malice of these readyings, the utilisation of H2O in the coevals of electricity would merely come much afterward ( Conradie & A Messerschmidt, 2000 ) .3 The complexnesss of electricity agreementsDuring the argument in the media around the current crisis a few affairs became clear. First, it is non wide understood that electricity can non be stored and in the instance of renewable energy beginnings, that becomes a major challenge.The 2nd complexness that was ( and still is ) non widely understood, is the complex nameings of the electricity supply. The coevals of electricity from motive Stationss which are largely situated in the northern inside of the sub-continent and conveyed to the client by manner of 28 000 kilometer of high electromotive take in and 250 000 kilometer of lower electromotive force lines, is besides hard to understand. The reconciliation of changing supply and demand requires the changeless attending of the National Co ntrol Centre and if the demand outstrips the supply, it is possible to fulfil entire electromotive force prostration, similar to the state of affairs in the north eastern American continent on 14 August 2003 when the consecutive tripping of queen lines by trees under power lines in three different countries lead to a electromotive force prostration of the transmittal system. This plunged big metropoliss like New York and Washington in partial darkness and metropoliss like Toronto in entire darkness. The full Restoration of the power system took about a hebdomad to finish. The term burden casting ( besides non understood by most ) is used to denote the sloughing of burden or electricity demand in order to forestall the 50 Hz frequence from dropping excessively low, ensuing in under-frequency tripping of power Stationss and entire electromotive force prostration.4 Sustainable energyFor many old ages South Africa has been, and still is, vex forrading both(prenominal) of the chea pest electricity in the universe. This was mostly due to the handiness of really inexpensive low class coal. With the lifting demand in the remainder of the universe for that coal, South Africans will decidedly picture the pinch. Because of this state of affairs the natural rejoinder is to look at pull offing the demand for electricity every bit good as investigate renewable energy beginnings.As can be seen in Figure 1, a work up of sustainable energy beginnings have been set in the universe. These beginnings can be classified harmonizing to the type of energy they ready. The challenge for South Africa is to use those beginnings most fitting for the fortunes here.Figure 1 Sustainable energy beginnings identified worldwide( Beginning Renewable energy. The possible and the restrictions. 2008. Online . Available hypertext transfer protocol //www.fraw.org.uk. 2009, December 15 . ) twain chief issues need to be considered when looking at the viability of alternate energy beginni ngs. The first is of class the proficient workableness of the undertaking. The 2nd is the cost at which electricity can be produced by the alternate beginning.5 Hydroenergy unitary of the most obvious renewable beginnings is hydroenergy. In many states, particularly in the Northern hemisphere, many electrical public-service corporations produce power in this manner. In the instance of South Africa, the state does non behave big rivers that can be used to gravel forth electricity with.6 Current usage of hydroenergy in South AfricaAt this phase Eskom operates a figure of pump storage strategies that pump H2O into keeping dikes during off-peak periods and usage that to bring forth power during extremum periods. As such this is non a renewable beginning as it uses electricity from dodo give the sackled power Stationss for pumping H2O.7 The Congo river as the energy provider for Southern AfricaOne instead ambitious undertaking that Eskom is presently mingled in is to use the hydroene rgy from the Congo River. Harmonizing to its inaugural one-year study, the Western Power Corridor ( PTY ) Ltd ( Westcor ) ( 2008 ) proposes to tap the rich, big graduated table renewable hydroresources of the Western, Central and Eastern Corridor of Southern Africa finally. When to the full tapped, the magnitudes will transcend 100GW. This joint dissemble amid the take parting field state-owned electricity companies of Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia and South Africa was signed on 7 September 2005 in Gabarone, Botswana.Harmonizing to Mr E Nelumba, Chairman of the Shareholders Steering Committee, Westcor was formed to develop the Western Power Corridor which includes the development of the 3 500 MW tally of river hydroelectric power works at Inga 3 in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ) . It will besides build power transmittal systems to incorporate with the national grids of the participating every bit good as the remainder of southern Africa.The co ncluding aspiration is to bring forth 10 000 MW at Inga 3. The Congo River has an estimated 100 000 MW capacity with 40 000 M3s per second and all possible sites are under examination to finally make the end of 50 000 MW of Grand Inga. This is larger than the wedlock installed capacity of the full Eskom system. Angola has besides indicated that their exploitable hydroelectric potency is about 18 000 MW of which merely 810 MW is presently used.One of the great challenges of this undertaking remains the transmittal of the power to the chief clients in the South. In order to transmit the power faithfully and economically it would be necessary to run the 4 000 kilometer power lines at electromotive force between 600 kilovolts and 1000 kilovolt. The engineer to be able to make this is still in its babyhood and is the topic of current research. To add to the quandary the environment that the proposed lines will track includes countries with some of the highest happening of veldt fires and these have the ability to do breaks to the flow of power.8 draw energyThe usage of air current as an energy beginning is likely one of the best known signifiers of renewable energy and successful commercial operations have been around for a long piece. Harmonizing tothe IngenierbAA?ro fAA?r neue Energien air current coevals in Germany sums to 39 500 GWh ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . This accounts for more than half of the renewable energy in that state. The universe s entire installed capacity of air current generators was 94 GW at the terminal of 2007 ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .9 Wind turbines in usage presentlyEskom commissioned three wind turbines between August 2002 and February 2003 at its Klipheuwel site North of Cape Town. ii Danish turbines and one French turbine, with a combined capacity of 3.16 MW, were installed to enable Eskom to compare the different intention and operational features. To day of the month the introduction has generated more than 15 GWh, which was fed i nto the grid at the Klipheuwel 11 kV/66kV substation ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .The single power, responsibility rhythm and cost features of each of the turbines are being collected in a engineering matrix that will finally incorporate a suite of Renewable strength engineering options, with air current being the first. The tower dynamic features and quiver status supervising baseline cadences every bit good as the interaction between the grid and the generators have already been done. The product analysis will be used in the future selling of green energy ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) .10 disagreement in available energyAs with other signifiers of renewable energy, the variableness in the available energy is an issue that concerns the developers of these systems. Wind is no exclusion and in this instance an accurate finding of air current climatologies is required, based on several old ages of air current informations. A well-known survey carried out by Geernaert et Al ( 1988 ) used informat ion of a 109 old ages ( between 1873 and 1982 ) and showed that fluctuations of up to 30 % from the average value can be expected from one decennary to the following. This information is important if it is considered that the installation may hold a lifetime of 20 old ages and longer. The available air current energy is of class besides influenced by topographical reckons every bit good as variableness in air current pep pill due to height fluctuations. This makes the pick of the appropriate site a really of import issue.11 The hereafter of air current energyWith the valuable research done at Klipheuwel the hereafter for air current coevals seems bright. Eskom announce the building of a 100 MW installation on the West Coast close to Koekenaap in 2007. The EIA and commercial activities are good underway and building is planned to get down tardily in 2008. The installation will dwell of approximately 50 units runing between 1.5 to 2.5 MW and will be integrated into the 132 kilovolt system at Eskom s Juno or Koekenaap substations. Based on the variableness discussed above and an energy use factor of 26 % , the installation is expected to bring forth 2 28G Wh per annum ( Smit et Al, 2008 ) . Based on old experience the building of the installation will take about one twelvemonth to finish.12 maritime current energyThe energy fluxes of the oceans have attracted the attending of applied scientists for a long clip and include the assorted signifiers.13 Continual despicable ridge gestureThe continual moving ridge gesture that can power coevals devices. One object lesson is the US $ 29.5m experimental installation of Scots Power at the Orkney Islands ( Power in Europe, 2008 ) . The Pelamis system consists of 4 elephantine metal sausages , each 450 m long, bobbing on the moving ridges and each bring forthing 750 KW by turning the gesture into electricity via the pumping of hydraulic fluid through the articulations. By some estimations Scotland should be able to bring forth every bit much as 1 300 MW by 2020.14 tidal energyThe gravitative forces of the Sun and Moon consequence in the surface of the sea changing by about 2 m. This consequence can be amplified by up to 11 m due to the effectuate of bays and channels. It is this energy that is used by systems such as the tidal energy works at La Range in France with a capacity of 240 MW.15 Salinity differencesAlthough the salt differences between the ocean H2O and overbold overflow represent differences in chemical potency which may be harnessed through a suited membrane, this has merely been demonstrated on a little graduated table.16 Thermal differencesThe thermic differences between surface and deep H2O can be every bit much as 15 grades and a heat engine can be used to bring forth power. This construct, referred to as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ( OTEC ) has, nevertheless, a thermodynamic efficiency of merely 8 % and Eskom is presently measuring the usage of cold deep H2O as a coola nt for coastal power Stationss, where its efficiency will be high.17 Fast fluxing ocean currentsThe fast flowing western boundary ocean currents can hold speeds of up to 2.5 m/s which could supply a beginning of comparatively high power immersion for power coevals although there are no commercial undertakings presently under development. Eskom is actively pertain in research on this topic.18 Energy denseness of H2OBecause the energy denseness of a medium is nifty relative to its denseness and is a map of the speed cubed, the energy denseness for H2O is far higher compared to weave at comparable speeds. The denseness of H2O is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of air. This mean that an ocean current is far more fecund as a resource compared to onshore air current. imputable to the rough environment demands on an ocean current generator, it is assumed that for a commercially feasible undertaking, the energy denseness should be dual of that required of air current. Th is implies that currents with speeds of at least 1,5 m/s need to be found.19 Solar energySouthern Africa has over many old ages used the copiousness of sunlight to merchandise the state as Sunny South Africa . It is hence non surprising that this signifier of energy is regarded by some as the chief beginning that can significantly act upon Eskom s supply side.20 Solar decoratesThe work about solar panels both photovoltaic and solar H2O warmers are good known and deep Prof Vivian Alberts of the University of Johannesburg announced a discovery in the production of a new photovoltaic panel that will be up to 50 % cheaper than anything else on the market ( Venter, 2007 ) .21 Concentrated Solar Power ( CSP )Another arouse and advanced usage of solar power is presently being investigated by Eskom. The engineering referred to as heavy Solar Power ( CSP ) uses sun energy to heat a mixture of 60 % Sodium treat ( NaNo3 ) and 40 % Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3 ) to a temperature of 565AC. C SP is besides regarded as the lone large-scale renewable engineering with proved energy storage. The heat energy can be stored for up to 14 hours and is used to bring forth steam for the 100 MW reheat steam turbine at a unrecorded steam force per unit area of 125 saloon. This means that the works will be able to bring forth power for a full 24 hours during the summer solstice. An mean expected burden factor of 70 % is expected.22 DecisionAs the demand for electricity rises, a more sustainable energy beginning to replace the dodo fuel energy beginning was investigated. In South Africa research has been done in both the engineering and tackling electricity from renewable energy beginnings.The study showed that hydro energy, weave energy, ocean current energy and solar energy were investigated. Due to the changeless sunlight in South Africa, it appeared like solar energy would be the most dependable energy beginning.

1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization.

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No 12 PED 1113 1. ca-ca of subject PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS 2. Code of Subject PED1113 3. Synopsis This cut across provide add students equitable exposure to basic scotch concepts. They occupy to be able to understand, analyse and go for the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. 4. Name of t for each oneing Staff Rezal emailprotected com 5. Semester and Year Offered Year 1, Sem 1 6. Credit Value 3 attri furthere (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) 7. Prerequisite (if every) Nil 8. Rationale for the comprehension of the subject in the program The need for political frugality knowledge in all fields of studies. 9. dash of Delivery Lecture and Tutorial 10. Subject Objectives To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. 11. Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, students pu ll up stakes be able to 1. sympathise the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts remove and egress to identify how food food grocery reached its counterpoise position. 3. secernate various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational con trades uni peerlessrs be strike. 4. Identify the proceedsion function and how cost is de considerationined. 5. Understand various market structures and its simoleons position both in the short and long run. 12. Transferable scientific disciplines From this course, students lead acquire additional transferable skills namely * Analytical Skill students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises ascribable to the situation given. * Research skills scholars atomic fare 18 required to conduct designation on selected topics either individually or in classs. Social skills Students will develop basic complaisant skills by dint of class discussions and root word assignments. * Time-management skil ls Students will learn to pract glass and manage their time to balance amongst their academic and mixer responsibilities. * Critical thought process skills Students will develop critical thinking top executive through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. 13. Teaching Learning and mind Strategy Teaching & Learning regularitys Assessment Strategy Discussion / 1. Peer military rating 2.Student assessment feedback Problem solving 3. Case study / confound / Lecture / Tutorial 14. Assessment Method and Types Final Examination 40%Course Work 60%Course work comprises of the fol number 1ing items 2 Test 30% 4 Quizzes 20% Group denomination 10% Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic TOPIC (S) Lecture Tutorial laboratory/ Practical Independent Study Student Learning Time (SLT) 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises destitute market, aimned economic system and Mixed economy. 2 1. 5 5 18 1. 0 guide, Supply and grocery store counterpoise. 1. 1 adopt 1. 2. 1 translation of read 1. 2. 2 integrity of make 1. . 3 grocery command thin out 1. 2. 4 Determinants of assume 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 rectitude of supply 1. 3. 7 grocery supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 commercialise balance wheel 1. 4. 9 Definition of offset 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in select and supply 8 6 20 28 1. 0 cinch and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 bell elasticity of requisite 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 profound Approach 6 4. 5 16 26 1. 0 Theory of occupation and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and resolved input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long run geological period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. computation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short period 6 4. 5 14 24 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 clear maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 6 4. 16 24 Total of Student Learning Time (SLT) 28 21 71 120 of import Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 20. extra References 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7 th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics Principles and Policy, Harcourt. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, second edition, Singapore Oxford University Press. Assignment topic. Choose unrivalled topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and utmost 6 students. Submission of assignment first week by and by term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. G everyplacenments roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the intelligence service economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which operator one who manages a ho phthisishold -economics is the study of how ordination manages its infrequent resources. -the management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce. -scarcity hatefuls that society has limited resources and consequently can non garden truck all the bests and serve citizenry wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get some other item. cardinal principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to dangle their family income. They can bargain for food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among societys members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require examine the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a put to death 3. Ra tional community think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -marginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a somebody to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher expense in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume slight and an incentive for alloters to piss more(prenominal). 5. Trade can make everyone split up off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by affair with other, people can buy a greater bod of in force(p)s and serve at raze lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they move in markets for goods and servi ces. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs trigger to enforce property rights so individuals can sustain and program line scarce resources. market failure refers to a situation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the index of a single person or small group to have a substantial wreak on a market charges. 8. A fields standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the touchstone of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the politics prints too much currency -inflation refers to an increase in the overall take aim of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are increasing the inwardness of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger metre of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises 1. step down market economy allocation for resources is determined besides by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government program line.It is also called as capitalist. avails quick respond to the peoples wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages unemployment, sure goods and services may not be provided, consumption of disadvantageous goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics one of the steer principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be throw in the towel from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand a term coined by economist Adam metalworker in hi s 1776 hold up An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and cash in ones chips wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, any government intervention in the economy isnt inevitable because the invisible hand is the best overtake for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy market is controlled and determined by government. hand the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the democracy. It is also called as socialist.Advantages the upbeat of the citizen is the primary object of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, reinforcement are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater fury on the measuring stick of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral d irection) than on the measurement of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovational enterprises, no liberty of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government discrimination and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram a visual tou ghie of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms deal * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * take away and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Households sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services interchange Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic mold of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer(prenominal) set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inward set of arrows show the corresponding flow of i nputs and output. The Production Possibilities boundary shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the term . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economys resources. A trade in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technical advance in the computer manufacture enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market a group of buyer and sellers of a peculiar(a) goods and services Competitive market a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for exchange are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly only one seller o ffer for the circumstantial goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. measuring demanded the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve The birth between price and meter demanded Law of demand the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule a table shows the human relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand the demands of one person for the occurrence goods and services Market demand the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream Quantity of ice-cream demanded Nick Mary Market $0. 00 7 5 12 $0. 50 6 4 10 $1. 00 5 3 8 $1. 50 4 2 6 $2. 00 3 1 4 $2. 50 1 1 2 $3. 00 0 0 0 Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. pattern of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods non contender and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. virtuousness goods people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods have rivalry and excludability a. Demerit goods underestimate cost of overpowering it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods always use in a effortless life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. low-level goods lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream Quantity of ice-cream supplied Mike earth-closet Market $0. 00 0 0 0 $0. 50 1 1 2 $1. 00 3 1 4 $1. 50 4 2 6 $2. 00 5 3 8 $2. 50 6 4 10 $3. 00 7 5 12 Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. recite of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantit y demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A vehement weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of starting line will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A caustic weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream1.Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization.PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No 12 PED 1113 1. Name of Subject PRINCIPLES OF MICR OECONOMICS 2. Code of Subject PED1113 3. Synopsis This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. 4. Name of Teaching Staff Rezal emailprotected com 5. Semester and Year Offered Year 1, Sem 1 6. Credit Value 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) 7. Prerequisite (if any) Nil 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. 9. Mode of Delivery Lecture and Tutorial 10. Subject Objectives To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. 11. Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, students will be able to 1. Understand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equil ibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. 12. Transferable Skills From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely * Analytical Skill students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsibilities. * Critical thinking skills Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discu ssions. 13. Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy Teaching & Learning Methods Assessment Strategy Discussion / 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback Problem solving 3. Case study / Project / Lecture / Tutorial 14. Assessment Method and Types Final Examination 40%Course Work 60%Course work comprises of the following items 2 Test 30% 4 Quizzes 20% Group Assignment 10% Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic TOPIC (S) Lecture Tutorial Lab/ Practical Independent Study Student Learning Time (SLT) 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy and Mixed economy. 2 1. 5 5 18 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply 8 6 20 28 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach 6 4. 5 16 26 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period 6 4. 5 14 24 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Prof it maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 6 4. 16 24 Total of Student Learning Time (SLT) 28 21 71 120 Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. 20. Additional References 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics Principles and Policy, Harcourt. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensi ve Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore Oxford University Press. Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Governments roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we li ke, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among societys members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -marginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a situation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means th e quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises 1. Free market economy allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages quick respond to the peoples wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, a nd ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, any government intervention in the economy isnt needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictators hip type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Households sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and fir ms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economys resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market a market in which th ere are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve The relationship between price and quantity demanded Law of demand the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand the sum of all the individual demands for th e particular goods and services Price of ice-cream Quantity of ice-cream demanded Nick Mary Market $0. 00 7 5 12 $0. 50 6 4 10 $1. 00 5 3 8 $1. 50 4 2 6 $2. 00 3 1 4 $2. 50 1 1 2 $3. 00 0 0 0 Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods have rivalry and excludability a. Demerit goods underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods needs each othe r in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream Quantity of ice-cream supplied Mike John Market $0. 00 0 0 0 $0. 50 1 1 2 $1. 00 3 1 4 $1. 50 4 2 6 $2. 00 5 3 8 $2. 50 6 4 10 $3. 00 7 5 12 Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sel lers Equilibrium Equilibrium a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream

Advocate general short notes Essay

Today human rights are central to the discourse of International frequent Policy and Scholarship. And the mechanisms move over evolved dramatically since the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 celestial latitude 1948. Human Rights do not exist in a vacuum, inevitably, they are formulated by individuals and secernate and they are implemented by states themselves. However, a number of national, regional and international bodies exercise responsibility for overseeing the supervise of human rights and ensuring that states comply with obligation.The report of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly on 9th December, 1946 and after long discussions and debates by the foremost legal luminaries and thinkers of our country the draft Constitution was finally adopted on 26th November, 1949. The framers of the Indian Constitution were influenced by the concept of human rights and guaranteed most of human rights contained in the UDHR. The UDHR contains ci vic and Political as well as Economic Social and Cultural rights.While Civil and Political rights has been incorporated in Part III of Indian Constitution i. e. Fundamental Rights, as Economic Social and Cultural rights have been incorporated in Part IV of the Constitution i. e. Directive Principles of States Policy. The inclusion of important provisions of UDHR in the Constitution of India has given them supremacy over all other statutory provisions. The table shows that many of Civil and Political rights enshrined in the UDHR also find mentioned in Part III of Indian Constitution as Fundamental Rights.However, these are certain rights which are contained in the UDHR but have not been expressly mentioned in the Constitution. These rights are No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading sermon or punishment (Article5). Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the fair play (Article 6). Everyone is entitled in in full equality to a fair and globe hearing by an mugwump and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him (Article 10) Everyonecharged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense Article11. (1) No one shall be subjected to unconditional onus with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks (Article 12. ) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country Article13.(2) Everyone has the right to a nationality Article 15. (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marria ge and at its dissolution Article 16. (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives Article 21. (1) Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is of widest amplitude and several unremunerated rights fall within it. These rights are Right to go abroad

Mexico and its Importance to US Bilateral relations Essay

Mexico is an important asset to the United States, is shares 1,954 miles of border with the United States, and has stupefy an important economic trading partner with the United States. Relations between these two nations are paramount, just now we must address a list of issues that need answers, economic reform, homeland security, drug control, migration and even the environment. either day over one million plenty cross the border legally, in 2012 two way of life trade totaled over $500 billion sawhorses.Mexico has remained one of the biggest tourist destinations for American travelers, and America major source of tourism for Mexico. Cooperation between these two nations is important, it is also important for the United States to friend streamline treat with Mexico. In 2010 the Executive Committee for 21st Century Border Management was created to help create advancements in creating a modern, secure and efficient border. This Committee was created to spur ideas on ways to help secure the border, as well as create a better way to manage the legal crossing taking place every day.The attacks September 1 1, 2001 led to the closing of many border crossing, putting a strain on the already verworked crossings, with the implementation of this program new ways are being explored on how we should run these border crossings as well as exploring the re- opening of certain closed crossing points. co-op activities between the U. S. and Mexico take place under a number of arrangements such as the U. S. -Mexico Border 2012/2020 computer program the North American Development Bank and the Border Environment Cooperation focal point the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation the Border Health Commission.These agencies help co run low with Mexico in regards to the serious environmental issues that have locomote ue to population growth and industrialization. In 2008 we began the Merida Initiative seeking to cooperate with Mexico as well as otherwis e South American countries in an attempt to curb the growing trend of drug trafficking crimes. Mexico suggested that it was a shared out problem because the majority of the money flowing into Mexico was from American drug users. Although as of 2012 congress has appropriated skilfully 1. 9 billion dollars to the Merida Initiative.Beginning in 2010 the Merida Initiative took a four pillar approach to break coldcock its attempts at disrupting the drug trafficking and violence problem. The first pillar aims to disrupt the capacity of organized crime to operate and the second pillar emphasises on enhancing the capacity of Mexicos government and institutions to sustain the rule of law. The Merida Initiatives third pillar aims to improve border management to facilitate legitimate trade and movement of people while thwarting the flow of drugs, arms, and cash. Finally, the fourth pillar seeks to build strong and resilient communities.Despite the major advances we have made with mexico re garding trade and the justance of our partnership as nations, it must be noted the major issues we still ace. The Drug Cartels in mexico currently run a 20 plus billion dollar a year industry. important area of discussion is the in-migration issues that have faced the united postulates from mexico as immigrants attempt to flee mexico for a variety of reasons. Mexico is also a major recipient of remittances, in 2012 the state department estimated over 22 billion dollars worth was sent from relatives living in America.Immigration has suffer a hot point in current affairs, it is time to analise some options for the future in regards to immigration and options regarding drug rafficking issues. In may of 2013 Obama announced the formation of a bilateral forum on high education, innovation, and research. With this forum the United States and mexico will encourage typically underprivileged students to attend college and secondary schools providing them access to these schools as well a s secondary training programs in STEM fields..This forum is our first step towards fashioning mexico an economic power as well as a place that can welcome locomote technology. Recommendations. Increasing the funding that is appropriated for the Merida Initiative, this funding hould be sent towards furthering the security checkpoints at Mexicos borders. Updating x ray machines as well as non-invasive body scanners. Money should also be spent in an attempt to inform the Mexican community of the intentions to curb the trend of drug cartel control.The Merida initiative should focus primarily on the first pillar, of disrupting organized Criminal Groups. Scrapping all additional plans for continuing the fence on the American Mexican border. Rather Funds should be appropriated in designating a committee to explore further partnership with Mexico regarding immigration. America needs to accept that Mexican immigrants as a majority are healthy people looking for honest work. This should no longer be a crime, The process of obtaining a spurt card should be streamlined, making it accessible to anyone who seeks it out.This policy has to go hand in hand with near total elimination of drug violence. Mexico needs to be regarded as a safe place where both American and Mexican nationals can come and go across the border freely and without safety in question. Mexico should not be treated as a third world nation, we have the potential to help them become a eautiful place to visit. It Just requires some creative policy ideas to meet our goals. Drug meliorate has not had much success, in part to the weak policies that have been implemented.

Impact of Computers on Society Essay

Everyone knows that this is the age of computing fashion and vast majority of people are victimization data processor. Development of take heeding and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the separatewise in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world date staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning. Computers are complex electronic devices. They can perform many operations at once, and earn our daily lives easier. Almost every home, darkice, or school has a reckoner of some kind these days. It may seem at first that having a information processing system brings only benefits, but further consideration shows that it withal has disadvantages. There are many pros and cons c put uply comp uters (and technology in general).First of all computers are very useful at school. It helps students study for forthcoming tests and makes subjects more than interesting to learn about. Students can also learn new vocabulary and grammar. Furthermore it allows students to break down familiar with operating a computer and gain basic computer skills. Many modern day jobs involve using a computer in one way or another. Also more people can save their valuable time by using computers. This is especially beneficial in the workplace where employees can do their work faster than they ever could before. In addition, storing information on a computer is one of the most efficient ways of keeping data. One flash drive, for example, can die hard the same amount of information as numerous books. People can also communicate with other computer owners through the internet, which now offers everything from shopping to video chatting with a person in another country.On the other hand many jobs h ave been lost due to the fact that a single computer can do a lot of tasks more efficiently and cheaper than humans. This has led to high unemployment rates in many countries. The internet is also full of harmful materials especially for kids. Some websites are not designed for educational purposes but for profit-gaining aims. There are even children who are so addicted to online gaming that they elapse almostall day sitting before in front of a computer screen. As a result they do poorly at school. Also, a computer is just a machine it cant completely replace humans so you are unlikely to find moral support from chatting with strang people on the net.Besides, people tend to tell lies to their chatter. Also, if kids are left unsupervised they would pass on all of their time playing games on the computer rather than using it for educational purposes. Furthermore computer usage can also take an emotional toll on people. When some people work from home on the computer are far more li kely to feel cut off from the rest of the world. If children are sitting in front of the screen all day, they do not learn to share, wait their turn, or even something as simple as manners. Moreover children might be using the internet to access pornographic material. Children are also easy targets for sexual offenders who chat online with them and then make plans to meet them or slowly obtain information about them. Also frequent and prolonged computer session may pose physical health. One example of a health hazard could be a bad back.Pretty much everyone relies on a computer one way or another nowadays. These complex electronic devices can help us throughout our daily lives.but they can also prejudice. They pose physical and mental/emotional threats if you spend too much time glued to your computer or similar device. There are pros and cons of computer usage. You can communicate with someone in England while youre laying in bed on your laptop in your pajamas. It can also hurt us just as much as it helps. If you go on one suspicious website and your computer could be infected with a deadly virus and mess up your computer or you could lose all of your personal data, like financial information. What you see depends on who you are and exactly how you see it. whole kit CitedAnil, Aakar. Aakar Tech. IMPACT OF COMPUTER ON SOCIETY. N.p., 12 Nov. 2007. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Dutta, Pallab. What Are the Benefits of Computers in Society? EHow. Demand Media, 08 July 2009. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Frisicaro, Adrian. Cs4fn Computer recognition for Fun. Computer Science for Fun. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. The Impact of Computers on Society. The Impact of Computers on Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Joseph, Chris. TheDisadvantages of Computers in the Workforce. Small Business. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

Lean Transition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

hunt rebirth - Case Study ExampleAs the company transition to lean practices, their accounting arrangement and proceeding measurement reports have become unreliable, inaccurate and inapplicable to the flow line value streams. The lean business environment led to problems in the current labor reporting, production efficiency and product being methods. The care wanted to monitor the efficiency, productivity and profitability under the lean production practice.Yes, the focal point must variety the product costing system of Aero Gear, Inc. in order to align the system with their lean production practice. An adjust management accounting system maximizes profit. An accounting system that fails to provide information that is timely or in a useful format will be rejected by users and will not be beneficial to the management.Identifying costs at the item level will lead to inaccuracies and will result to digressive information. The management should manage the product costing at th e aggregate level. It would be preferred to use management financial statements instead of profit and tone ending statements. The information communicated by the new financial statements should on the wholeow readers to considerably evaluate the results of changes in the lean business practice. The change from cost accounting to cost management is inevitable.Attaching steer labor and setup costs to the finished product also creates trouble with the product costing system under lean manufacturing. The old product costing system utilizes direct labor measure as the overhead rate denominator, which is applicable only if the manufacturing capacity is proportionate to direct labor consumption. Also, elimination of all waste is the objective of lean manufacturing. Since lean practices would lead to a lower inventory level, it would create a negative effect on the reported gross and net profit in the profit and loss statement because inventory is recognized as an asset.Should they hold off making a change scorn their dissatisfaction with the current system and continue to look for a better product costing method dimension off change would only create more inaccuracy in product costing, performance measurement and cost management. The company can employ two or more product costing while evaluating their effectiveness. Lean business practice embraces the concept of continuous improvement. In order to initiate improvement, the company must freshman adopt a system and then find ways to improve it, if not replace it.Were in that location any additional measures they could collect and use to measure flow line performanceThe central rivet of lean manufacturing is to eliminate wastes. Measures of wastes like scraps, defects and machine-downtime and its impact on the line performance would benefit management decisions. A recommended method of reporting is through a cash flow analysis where it will effectively cut the positive aspect of liquidating inventories. Cycle time can be integrated in the analysis. Additional prosody such as tracking the improvements in direct and indirect labor on a hebdomadal or monthly basis would also be helpful.Was it fair to