Evaluation of the Responses Made by Dretske as Pertains to Chisholms Assignment

Evaluation of the Responses Made by Dretske as Pertains to Chisholms Claims - Assignment Example It was the philosopher Fred Dretske who took to investigating the various claim that was made by the late Roderick Chisholm who postulated that intentional states could only possibly be mental states. In making this claim, Chisholm was seen to derive the claim mainly based on the thesis proposed by Franz Brentano the nineteenth-century philosopher in his book â€Å"Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint†. Chisholm’s Claim that Intentionality cannot be naturalized and Dretske’s Response to the Claim A key feature of various mental states is their actual content. An example is that in the event that I essentially believe it will snow, my actual belief as at the moment can be seen to represent a state of the weather and when I chance to see a dog, I become perpetually aware of that cat. My innate belief that it is eventually going to rain may be seen to be inaccurate or accurate, my perception as to the existence of the cat may be imprecise or precise and my desire to be loved my eventually be satisfied or unsatisfied. Brentano postulated that intentional states were essentially solely mental states and thus distinguished mental states from the physical states because they are objects of awareness and non-spatial in nature. Brentano further contends that this perceived ‘intentional inexistence’ is generally exclusive to psychical phenomena and that there are no physical phenomena that can essentially be said to have it (Feldman & Feldman 2008). The Intentionality of thought can basically be accounted through mental expectations, semantics, and language. All these factors serve to actively demonstrate psychological intention and therefore cannot be explained in non-intentional or non-psychological terms. For Chisholm intentionality cannot essentially be naturalized because it is impossible to identify any such psychological fact with a physical fact. For Chisholm, the use of various intentional sentences essentially means that all our currently existing beliefs about various psychological phenomena an essentially be sufficiently expressed through them although it is impossible to do so for physical phenomena (Feldman & Feldman 2008). A good example of this is the sentence ‘Diogenes searching for an actual honest man†, this sentence can be perceived to be an intentional statement because it is seen not to rely on the relative veracity of there necessarily being an honest man or not.  Ã‚  

Global Tax Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Tax Management - Essay Example To absorb a reduction in the corporate tax rate, the US government will have to extend the corporate tax base and remove or scale down the corporate tax expenditures: accelerated depreciation, domestic manufacturing production deduction, and the research and development tax credit, that reduce capital costs, increase new investments, and encourage job creation. This will result in an increase on the cost of new investments and reduced wages and productivity. Therefore, America should not increase the corporate tax rate and should retain the territorial system, but also combine it with worldwide territory to ensure the government does not lose revenue. The biggest factor that determines Foreign Direct Investment in the country is GDP, a study of 46 countries established that there is a direct correlation between corporate tax rates and foreign direct investment. Countries with low corporate taxes attract more foreign investments compared to countries with higher rates. To increase profits, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) invest in countries with favorable economic conditions and tax rates. Empirical evidence for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries shows the negative FDI inflows and increased taxation. There is increased lobbying for the Internal Revenue Code to be revised, for simplification of corporate and personal taxes. Globally there has been a shift towards the flat tax regime, where citizens and business are charged at a harmonized tax rate, with everybody paying an equal amount. Advocates of the flat system argue that there are many benefits that accrue from using this system, the system itself is very simple, with easy to comprehend tax codes, both the taxation authority and the taxpayer benefit. Governments primarily adopt the system, as an enticement to attract companies and the general citizenry to paying taxes. Because everyone will be paying

Benefits of Stem Cell Research and Parkinsons disease Proposal

Benefits of Stem Cell and Parkinsons disease - Research Proposal Example Since immuno-rejection is the major complication in transplantation medicine, scientists are keen to create patient-specific donor cells using the therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells for neural cell replacement that could reduce inherent risks of stem cell therapy. Advancement in science and technology made us capable of new discoveries and is creating wonders through replicating nature and with the successful cloning of sheep 'Dolly", we are at the threshold of human cloning. Isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cell (hES cells) and human embryonic germ cell (hEG cell) was first reported in 1998. It was a milestone in the history of stem cell research, because hES cells are considered to be the most fundamental and extraordinary of the stem cells, which has the potential for differentiation into a diverse cell type. Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ, tissue and cell in the body" that are "blank", "self sustaining, and "can replicate themselves for long periods", which could develop into specialized tissues and organs under proper conditions. (Frequently Asked Question on stem cell research: What are stem cells). Stem cells are believed to be the "reservoirs of repair cells" that could replace degenerated cells and t issues of an organism, which make them suitable in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Though various types of stem cells have diverse properties, their capability of "self-renewal and also of differentiation into specialized cells. Some stem cells are more committed to a particular developmental fate than others." This makes stem cells appropriate for therapeutic purpose in regenerative medicine. (Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, p.15). Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nucleus of mitochondria. Principal symptoms for diagnosing Parkinson's Disease are involuntary shaking of limbs; stiffness of joints and rigidity of the limbs; "bradykinesia" (slowness in all voluntary movements), "hypokinesia" (poverty of movement), and postural instability (difficulty adjusting to changes in body position). (Clarke, C E, p.441-445). Parkinson patients develop problems like dementia, motor control problems, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Since pharmacological therapy (primarily levodopa, dopamine agonists, or monoamine-oxidase-B inhibitors) and surgical treatment for "subthalmic stimulation" is not fully effective in controlling the progressive dopamine decay, it is hoped that recent advances in stem cell transplantation has the ability to replace degenerated neurons and reduce the sufferings of Patients ailing from Parkinson Disease patients (Clark, 2007). Since the number of people requiring transplants are far more than organ donors, it is considered that the unique characteristics of stem cells to replicate and regenerate themselves to specialized tissues and organs, under proper conditions, are considered to be beneficial in the treatment of debilitating diseases like Alzheimers, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, burns, etc. Stem cells can be obtained from embryo, bone marrow, umbilical cord of a newborn baby, amniotic fluid, and some tissues of the brain, of which embryonic stem cells are referred to as pluripotent

Compromise of 1850 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compromise of 1850 - Essay Example While that statement had many different interpretations placed upon it, the Compromise of 1850, in part, would seek to address the issue of slavery. As for its definition, "The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills that were intended to stave off sectional strife. Its goal was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance," (Kelly, p.1). For the young nation, the hope would be to equalize the relations between both the northern region, as well as the south and enable both sides to come to the same respective unity. The discussion over slavery, would remain one of the more potentially contentious portions of the proposed plan itself. In this case, "Of all the bills that made up the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial. It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves. It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. (Cases would instead be handled by special commisioners -- commisioners who would be paid $5 if an alleged fugitive were released and $10 if he or she were sent away with the claimant.) The act called for changes in filing for a claim, making the process easier for slave owners.

Medical Image Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Image Marketing - Essay Example Reports are ready immediately, which reduces turnaround time and greatly increases the ability of the radiologist professional to self-edit reports. In one study, turnaround time was reduced from 20 hours to less than 6 hours. For the ordering doctor and the patient this means a quicker response to time sensitive medical issues. For the hospital and administration there is a cost savings involved over the traditional hand transcription, as it eliminates the need for contracted transcription services. RadWhere can be customized to utilize individual radiologist templates as well as a standard template set. It has an accuracy rate of 99 percent and is compatible with a wide variety of accents and foreign dialects. The ability of the radiologist to self-edit markedly decreases the time from the imaging to the final report, and the archiving and retrieval versatility makes the report available to large scale integrated systems (Industry-wide Focus on Cutting Transcription Costs). Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is an x-ray technique that uses digital imaging to create and reconstruct cross-sectional pictures of the heart. This system is used by doctors in the identification and treatment of heart disease and abnormalities. Traditionally, viewing inside the heart could be accomplished by cardiac catheterization, a slow and invasive process. CT scanning of the heart allows multiple cross section x-rays to be taken, which are then reconstructed into a 3 dimensional image. One of the obstacles to this process has been that the heart is in continual motion and the resulting image is reduced in resolution and accuracy. The Toshiba CT Scanner 64 Slice with Cardiac software overcomes these obstacles. Higher resolution imaging and enhanced software allows the CT operator to get high quality 3 dimensional images of hearts with rates as fast as 140 beats per minute. Toshiba states that the software "facilitates cardiac CT angiographic reconstruction when the heart is in the best cardiac phase with minimum motion" (Staffordshire General Hospital). Additionally, the Toshiba CT Scanner and software renders true cardiac function analysis, as a beta blocker is not required for its use. It has the ability to deliver sufficient resolution to image coronary arteries and soft plaque structures. Patient care quality is improved as the process is quick, non-invasive, and provides early warnings of problems that may exist within the cardiac system. Doctors benefit from the improved imaging and the ability to see the multi-dimensional rendering, which allows them to more thoroughly examine the heart's activities and the associated problems of plaque buildup (Staffordshire General Hospital). "On Guard": Chest X-ray CAD by Riverain Medical The most critical component driving improved prognosis in lung cancer patients is early detection. Riverain Medical has improved the ability of doctors to diagnose patients for lung cancer with it "On Guard" Chest X-ray Computer Aided Detection (CAD) technology. The system utilizes existing and traditional x-rays to aid the radiologist in locating and identifying early stage actionable nodules that may be early stage lung cancer. In addition, it interfaces with Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) technology to easily integrate into a hospital's existing system.

Construction of Sports Hall (GYM) in a School in Bahrain Essay

Construction of Sports Hall (GYM) in a School in Bahrain - Essay Example Despite being a country where sports are loved by a majority of the population (especially students), the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain failed to construct adequate sport or gym facilities in the schools largely due to the lack of financial assistance. However, over the last few years, the awareness of sports has increased by an unprecedented level amongst the students in the Kingdom of Bahrain given that the country was due to the host the mini Olympics. As a consequence, the demand for advanced and well-equipped sports hall (Gym) facilities also grew by a drastic margin. In light of these events, the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain felt the urge to make prospective investments behind building sports hall (Gym) in government-sponsored schools. The scope of this project lays in the fact that construction of sports hall (Gym) in the government-sponsored schools will allow students to be engaged in a physical activity of their choice besides being engaged in the academic curriculum. It will also hold students who are obese and are affected by other weakness to regain their physical fitness and strength. This is perhaps the most relevant scope of this project provided that the percentage of students suffering from health issues such obesity, respiratory problems, heart problems, bone density has increased by a considerable margin (Baby, 2006). Therefore the construction of sports hall (Gym) facilities will allow the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain to bring down this ever growing rate of health disorders. Another relevant scope of this project is evident in the fact that it will allow the government schools to build their profile in order to grab the attention of parents and convince to enroll their children to the corres ponding schools (Ministry of Education of Kingdom of Bahrain, 2013).

THE COOP Essay Example for Free

THE COOP Essay 1. What is the size of the loss at the Coop? What could have been attributed to this loss? (Be thorough in your analysis) Answer: In 1994, â€Å"‘The Coop’s† average sales were $775,000, and there were 76 stores in total. So the Coop would reach the sales $58,900,000(76 x $775,000 =$58,900,000). If Coop were able to maintain the 10% growth per year. In 1995 Coop’s sales should be $64,790,000 ($58,900,000 x (1 +10%) =$64,790,000). However, due to the 6% average decline in sales for 20 stores, the real sales in 1995 is $62,310,000 (20 x $775,000 x (1-6%) + 56 x $775,000 x (1+10%) =,310,000). So in total Coop lost $2,480,000 ($64,790,000 – $62,310,000 = $2,480,000) in 1995. There are many factors may result in Coop’s sales decline. Firstly, Coop may fail to meet the consumer needs. The Chicken Coop founded in 1974, and the specializing in chicken never changed. However the consumer’ taste and habit have changed today. Also, the consumer targeting between the age of 18 and 45 is too board. Secondly, the manger does not have depth knowledge about the market. Wallace made business plan rely on his hotel business experience. Thirdly, the number of new employee increased because of the business expanding. However, there are many new employee are less trained, so the quality of the service decreased. Also, the Coop’ sales did not increase, the cost of the new employee increased a lot. Lastly, the competitors are improving. For example the KFC complemented its advertising with special promotions and provide a variety products service. All the four fa ctors may have been attributed to Coop’s sales loss. 2. Analyze the dynamics between McMichael and Wallace. Are they looking in the same direction? Why, why not? Answer: McMichael and Wallace are two of the top managers. All of them are paid close attention to customers. They realized the lack of customer sight and market insight, but they have different views about the market research and the sales slump. McMichael worked for Coop science 1982, she always thinks the quality of the food is the core competence of Coop. As same as Buckmeister, she believes the motto â€Å"We are chicken†. So she thinks the better food quality and service could help Coop solve the sales problem. For Wallace, he is relatively new to the company and has extensive experience in the hotel business. Wallace focus on renew the brand image to meet current consumer needs. He provided new menu to attract more consumers. Wallace thinks Coop need new market activities  improve competitive advantages. Both McMichael and Wallace are thinking from their narrow functional area. 3. Evaluate each of the initiatives proposed by Buckmeister, Wallace, and McMichael (pros and cons). Answer: McMichael suggested Quality Inspection Program and The taste. The Quality Inspection Program will help Coop improve the quality of the food, service and facilities, these all important factors to attract consumers and increase sales. However, these program only provide current information about Coop stores, it does not provide information about consumer taste and competitor situations. The Taste grogram provided the information of competitors, it help Coop to make positive change to reflect competitive environment. However the information gathered from loyal customer may not represent all the consumer thought. And it has the cost of the program is high. Wallace suggested Brand Image Monitoring Surveys and The Customer Experience Study. The Brand Image Monitoring Surveys will gather quantitative data on the Coop’s brand image vis-à  -vis its competitors. A market research supplier would interview customers and potential customer by telephone. This program may help Coop gather a lot of representative information. However it cost too much. And personally I do not like answer the telephone survey, especially pick up a call from restaurant which I have never been. The Customer Experience Study provided consumer some benefit if they cooperate with Coop’s survey, I think it will help for Coop’s brand image and attract loyal consumer. However, I do not think this is the best way to gather information with so many costs. Coop should consider is that worth to cost $45,600 and even more. Buckmeister’s Customer Feedback Cards is a direct and easy way to get consumer feedback, and it cost less and response well. However, it will make employees and mangers work more. And the flexibility is poor, also this method only gather information from current Coop consumer. 4. Which one(s) would you support and why? Answer: I support Wallace’s suggestion. McMichael’s suggestion focus on the customer service and food quality, I do not think this the main factors related to Coop’s sales decrease. I think Coop should focus on consumer information research. Coop is old company failed to meet current consumer needs. Wallace’s suggestion will help Coop gather large information about consumer thinking, and then they can make changes to reflect the market  development. 5. What would be the total cost of your selected market research and is it well justified? Answer: Brand Image Monitoring Surveys was the most expensive option that The Coop was considering. Proposals from market research suppliers ranged from $20,000 to $50,000, and it may need 900 interviews. The Customer Experience Study would cost $45,000 and even more. I think the cost is not justified, because not very consumer will cooperate with the survey. I do not think every telephone survey will be successes answered, but Coop has to pay it.