Nursing Theories, Metaparadigms, and Ways of Knowing - Free Essay Example

Introduction The nursing field is complex for an individual to define since it is evolving, dynamic and extensive study involving theoretical as well as practical skills. The nurses are identified by clients in various ways. The nurses are identified using aspects such as empirics or science, ethical, aesthetics or art, personal as well as social-political understandings. There are different concepts applied in the nursing career, and they include metaparadigms and paradigms. Other fundamentals in the nursing career include various ways of knowing nursing theories in details. This paper discusses metaparadigms and paradigms concepts applied in nursing and ways of identifying nursing theories. Metaparadigms It is a combining force in the nursing discipline that is used to name phenomena. The central concepts applied in metaparadigms concept include nursing, environment, person, and health. Many philosophical disagreements have emerged from this theoretical project. First, conceptualization of the individual has been developed by the different theorist. Most of the nursing theories are distinguished in various manners in which they conceptualize the client. However, some of the nursing theories have expanded to the family and community level. Currently, there are several disagreements between the theorists on how nurses should understand the client as required by their profession. The understanding of human beings is a crucial aspect of nursing theory and practice. According to the ancient nursing practices, nurses employed the use of biomedical perspective which focused on the patient’s body. The method involved descriptions that determined the state of illness. It was prone to l aboratory tests. Currently, nursing practice and science have been identified by the clients and community as the only determinant of sickness (Wagner, n.d). Besides, conceptualization of health has been identified as a prior aspect. Currently, nurses have defined life as a critical outcome for any patient. Some of the theorists have identified health and quality life as totality paradigm. They have identified life as human wholeness as a compound of spiritual, social and psychological aspect dimensions. On the other hand, science theorists view human nature as complex and whole beings. Thus, health can only be reflected as a whole person.   The terms such as life gratification, functional status and well-being coping are attributed to quality life. According to Parse (1994), â€Å"quality of life cannot be separated from the person’s lived experience and thus can only be described at that moment by the person living the life.† Similarly, the human science research identified quality life as an ‘apprehension of the whole-in-motion’’ (Parse 1994 pp.19). The aspect has changed the nursing perspective whic h involved state and process of self-actualization or use of an individual’s life to wholesome being. Conceptualization of the environment is apparent to nursing theories. Some of the nursing theories identify environment as an immediate surrounding and circumstances of the individuals without giving detailed information to social, political and economic forces. Conversely, simultaneity paradigm determines person and environment as spreadable to the degree that a person is attached from the cosmos. Therefore, simultaneity theories have come up with a different view on the individual know-how of the environment decontextualized from common or political understandings. Regarding the environment concept to the perception of a person, challenges emerge the moment people are confronted with problems that cannot be comprehended in the absence of skilled personnel (Maville Huerta, 2008). In both theories, that is totality and simultaneity paradigms orientation is mainly meant to the individuals and not the society. Although the concept of a person is linked to family and community, most of the nursing theories including the traditional health promotion are individualistic. The theories mainly focus on the life variations for the individual’s behavior. Furthermore, conceptualization of nursing is a crucial aspect. The social aspirations of nursing career were developed as a result of scientific proficient knowledge and skills. The faulty moral superiority in the 1970s and 180s led to the emergence of the health consumer movement. The clients or patients interrogated their nurses, claimed for their rights and were exposed to an original source of information to make the decision about their health. The aspect changed the role of the nurse from intervening’’ the cause of disease. Most of the radical expressions viewed or identified nurses as contaminants of the individual’s health. As a result, nurses were eliminated from the perspective since people know their own way more efficiently. The theory of human becoming, individuals know their own way and reflectively. The nurse in real presence bears witness to the person’s unfolding and becoming’’ (Mitchell Cody 1992 p. 60). Thus, the clients w ere given the responsibility to determine about health. Paradigms The term refers a pattern of shared empathize and conventions about the authenticity of a particular word. Paradigm acts the determinant of the research topics to be analyzed, how to carry out the investigation and derivation of theories in the nursing career. Paradigm is divided into various categories which include empirical paradigm, interpretive paradigm, and critical paradigm. Different phenomena analyzed that nursing research is diverse and thus pragmatic methodology is crucial to understand the discipline better.   Besides, pragmatic approach is essential as it allows nurses to address research questions with the correct guiding strategies. Moreover, this concept enables the objective of nursing to promote health and at the same time relieve sufferings (Weaver Olson, 2006). Therefore, the researchers are not required to support the ideological camp firmly instead they are supposed to select a research methodology appropriate to the phenomenon under investigation. The types of paradigms include empirical paradigm, interpretive paradigm, and critical paradigm. First, empirical paradigm stipulates that no reality is lawfully certified through one’s senses. Thus, skills and knowledge are acquired as a result of controlling the challenges entailed in the variables with the aim of determining their relationship. According to the researchers, empirical paradigm significantly contributes to research in the nursing career. It enables the growth and testing of the hypotheses, the interrelationships that exist between different variables as well as the comparison of the variables. The theoretical development of empirical nursing is essential since it enables one to predict the type of theory that can be established in each nursing paradigm. The empirical paradigm has contributed towards the development of various theories in nursing. For instance, the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) theory which states, nursing is required when personsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ needs for self-care exceed their ability to provide self-care’’ (Orem, 2001). Secondly, the interpretive paradigm is crucial in the nursing discipline (Weaver Olson, 2006). The interpretive paradigm inspects the phenomenon through the use of bear eyes. Thus, the experience and knowledge of the individual are important as it should be beyond quantifications of an external observer. The interpretive paradigm veracity is usually based one’s perception (Gillis Jackson, 2002). Thus, there is no existence of reality as compared to the empirical paradigm. The interpretive paradigm is qualitative to enhance comprehension of the phenomenon that is experienced by a particular population. Therefore, the method is important as it allows the researchers to comprehend the phenomenon through eyes in the presence of other people. The theoretical development in the interpretive paradigm is different from the empirical paradigm. The general evolution of the empirical paradigm is based on deduction, analyses, and testing of the theory. Conversely, interpretive paradigm employs the use of induction and theory for its development. The middle range theory of resilience which recognizes the unique experiences and changes of a person, however, it is essential in the nursing setting (Polk, 1997). Also, the critical paradigm is an important method in the nursing career. The method mainly centers on social struggles, ascendancy as well as institutions which aim at the development of democratic civilization (Gillis Jackson, 2002). Therefore, this method aims at the elimination of oppression of the community. According to Butterfield (2013), nurses employ the use of practice to change parents’ beliefs. The aspect aims at changing the health beliefs that individuals have. The nursing practices significantly consider the societal factors and ways that should be employed to act on the elements. The research in this method mainly focuses on the creation of change. Besides, critical paradigm focuses on strategy development, partnership and consciousness-raising (Wuest, 2012). The theoretical development that can be applied to this method is the feminist theory. The theory is relevant to nursing as a female profession. Thus, lack of knowledge in the nursing career is linked wit h lack of respect for women in the society. According to Wuest (2012), indicates that feminist theory should be applied in research to eliminate the aspects of feminism in the society. Ways of Knowing Nursing Concepts The clients identify nurses in various ways.   The nurses are identified using aspects such as empirics or science, ethical, aesthetics or art, personal as well as social-political understandings. First, the science of nursing is used in nursing identification. Carper stated that there is a critical need for knowledge about the empirical world, the knowledge that is systematically organized into general laws and theories for the purpose of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena of special concern to the discipline of nursing (Carper 1978 pp.14). The knowledge is essential since it links the nursing theory to application practice. The application of empirical knowledge enables nurses to interpret unidentified clinical challenges and have an immediate response. Also, an art of nursing is used in the identification of nurses. The aspect of art in nursing is identified as the ability to connect or relate with patients. The art is crucial as it enables an individual to pursue a degree nursing field. The art of nursing varies from science nursing. The art cannot be physically touched or examined. It involves factors such care and empathy that should be employed to the patients (Carper, 1978). Besides, ethical knowledge is used to influence patient’s care. The nurses are required to comprehend the moral principles such as privacy, advocacy, autonomy, and confidentiality. Nurses should employ the principles in an atmosphere of respect of the values as well as morals of other individuals. It is necessary for nurses to develop the code of ethics to stick to the nursing profession. Watsons theory of human caring demonstrates the concepts of the nurse to be aware of any decisions and exceptionality of each client with the aim preserving ones dignity (Watson, 2009). Moreover, personal knowledge is applied in the identification of nurses. This process involves self-reflection and legitimacy of the nurses. Additionally, social, political experience is essential as entails the social, economic, political and the cultural practices of the nursing career. The socio-political can be practical in the nursing field through examination of minor sociological factors such as labelin g (Community Health Nurses Association of Canada, 2008). Types of Theories in Nursing The grand nursing theory presents the widespread perceptions and propositions. Most theories at this level can be used to explain attitudes, but on the other hand, they are not applied in empirical testing. Thus, the grand theory is limited to direction and prediction of nursing in certain conditions. At this level, all theories are projected to be relevant to all cases in the nursing field. Additionally, the middle range nursing theory is appropriate in nursing practice. This theory was anticipated by Robert Merton (1968); a sociologist provided this approach to be used in challenging condition and proper empirical testing. The middle range theories are not detailed as compared grand theories. However, they provide an effective bond between the grand theories and nursing practices (Fawcett, 2000). Furthermore, the nursing practice theory is applied in nursing situations. The theory has the most limited scope and is particularly used in particular nursing conditions. All theories developed at this level have direct effects in the nursing practice. The theories in this level provide contexts for nursing interventions and its impacts. Additionally, theories in this level employ the use of nursing questions and events in nursing exercise (Hickey, 2009).

A Financial Look at College Education in America Essay

A typical eighteenth-centry American college was loosely modeled after England’s Oxford and Cambridge. In the colonies there were nine colleges founded before the Revolution and they are still in business today. They are Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Penn, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth. In 1851 Reverend Absalom Peters remarked â€Å"Our country is to be a land of colleges.†(Chapter 1 Page 2) There were two periods in history of upheavel in American higher education they were â€Å"catastrophic angst.† The first was in the 1860’s the emergence of modern university. Then after World War II the second was invention of mass higher education. The United State evolved a diversity of large and small, public and private colleges†¦show more content†¦Colleges give more help to rich kids then they do poor kids. They do this to attract higher academic achievers, athletes, and artists. A group spent $171 million on aid for poor kids in 2003 for families that made less then $20, 000 a year. Rich kids received $257,000 in aid from families making more then $100,000 a year. Some students will have to make $94,000 a year to pay off student loans with in 10 years. College cost have been rise about 6 to 7 percent a year.A headline from the New York Times, â€Å"Higher Education May Soon Be Unaffordable fotMost Americans.† (Chapter 3 Page 51) For the poorest of Americans it will cost 55% of their income to attend public university. A teacher said she made just under $100,000 a year which is only a quarter of what each of her students pay. If the economy is good colleges expand facilities and programs and also increase tuition. When the economy is not so good the colleges state subsidies atrophy and tuition still goes up. Student loans have more then doubled in the past ten years from $44.6 billion to $94.5 billion. Student loan defaults peaked at 22% in 1992. Banard University held and experiment on private school loans. A drastic 73% drop in private loans due to one change by talking to a financial aid officer. A total of $1,559,365 from 98% students in private loans between 2005-2006. In 2006-2007 only 31% of students took outShow MoreRelatedShould College Tuition Be Free?1105 Words   |  5 PagesEducation is a very essential aspect in our world. A famous leader by the name of Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"Education is the most influential implement which you can use to change the world.† ( Brainy Quotes). Those words that he said are very true concerning today s society; however much of today’s soc iety cannot receive a higher level of education due to many reasons. How are we to change the world if most people can’t get into higher education? 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Vermont Senator and 2016 Presidential election candidate, Bernie Sanders, was one of the biggest supporters of tuition-free colleges. He introduced an idea that not only was completely doable but highlighted main reasons why we should have tuition-free colleges. Through the use of multipleRead MoreThe Education Concept Of Education Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Education System provides an equal opportunity for all children in the United States to get a quality education. Although it is not completely uniform across the country, with every state making it’s own guidelines, everyone is still presented with a chance to attend a public school from kindergarten through twelfth grade. This enables all children with an education to advance further in life. For giving everyone that opportunit y this system should be praised, but in the system it also

Conspiracy Theories About The 9 / 11 - 1227 Words

Conspiracy theories about the 9/11 attacks entered the minds of many Americans as a result of questionable inconsistencies involving several reports from both the investigation and government reports. As a result, groups were formed and documentaries were created. Examples of the documentaries created are Anatomy of a Collapse, 9/11 Commission Report, Loose Change, Pentagon Strike, and The 9/11 Conspiracies: Fact or Fiction. These documentaries include personal testimonies, analysis from both professional (experts in different fields) and nonprofessionals, and governmental documents. Architect and Engineers for 9/11 Truth, Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice, and 9/11 Citizens Watch are all examples of the different conspiracy theory groups that were established. The discrepancies reported on 9/11 including the manner in which the Twin Towers collapsed, the governmental records that suggest that the government was aware of the impending attacks, and the communication between the v ictims of United 93 to their families that lead to the overwhelming amount of speculation by conspiracy theorist. One conspiracy theory is the manner in which the Twin Towers collapsed. It is alleged that the Twin Towers collapse was due to a series of synchronized bombs rather than the force of the plane crashing into the buildings. Some accusations that were given in regards to this theory were: personal accounts of different individuals saying that they saw windows explode prior to theShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The World Trade Center Terror Attacks1538 Words   |  7 Pages Conspiracy Theory Inquiry Proposal Name: Kyle Dahya Form: 12DB Conspiracy Event: 9/11 US World Trade Centre Terror Attacks Possible focusing questions which will guide my inquiry are: 1. 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Future Of E

Future Of E-Commerce Essay 1The Future of E-CommerceFuture2THE FUTURE OF E-COMMERCEThere are varying opinions regarding the future of e-commerce. Despite the fact that online sales are growing exponentially, some analysts believe that e-commerce is heading for a fall. Laurie Windham justifies her belief that as time goes on, sales will decrease instead of increasing. Windham believes that net consumers are very different than mall shoppers and catalog shoppers. Furthermore, she says that dot-coms are responsible for ruining their own chances to sell because they have spoiled customers to the point that consumers expect cheap prices and freebies and if they dont get them, they just move on to another site. E-commerce, Windham says, is a fickle world with little, if any, customer loyalty (Fortune, 2000). Windham found some interesting differences between online shoppers and traditional shoppers. For instance, 34 percent of online shoppers describe themselves as comparison shoppers but only 8 percent of tradition al shoppers describe themselves as comparison shoppers. Another comparison is that only 1 percent of Web shoppers say they hate stores but 10 percent of traditional shoppers say they hate stores (Fortune, 2000). Web shoppers are by and large comparison, price-sensitive consumers. Future3Windham, who spent two years studying the consumers who purchase online, said that as nonusers begin to use the Web for purchasing, they will be less adventuresome than people already making purchases online. They will also be slightly older than the norm and they will be more fearful and cautious about privacy and security. In other words, as nonusers begin using the Web to shop, they will be a more conservative group than current users. It is probable they will also be less fickle and more loyal to brands/stores (Fortune, 2000). Windham pointed out that there were numerous problems with people receiving exactly what they ordered online during last holiday season. Based on that, she suggested sales may be lower this year (Fortune, 2000). Surveys conducted after the last holiday season suggested online shoppers would continue shopping online. One survey, for instance, indicated that more than 90 percent of consumers reported that shopping online met or exceeded their expectations. Eighty percent said they would increase their online shopping in 2000 (Rutledge, 2000). Studies found that consumer confidence in using the Internet for shopping reached very high levels, which were due to a number of factors. Positive comments from family and friends were one of the factors that swayed more people to utilize this option. Better selections from online stores also made the experience more satisfying. Finally, Future4secure credit card transactions played a major role in increasing sales (Rutledge, 2000). Consumers were enticed to try shopping on the Internet by the massive marketing campaign last year for both dot-com stores and retail stores online. More than 70 percent of Net shopper s said they bought from e-commerce sites that offered free shipping. Another 54 percent said they were enticed by the discounts offered for their first online purchase. Forty percent used online coupons and 25 percent responded to the offer of free gifts for their online purchase (Rutledge, 2000). The Direct Marketing Association projected that sales generated from catalogs and the Internet would double in the next four years, reaching $3.33 billion (Entrepreneur, 2000). A study by Jupiter Communications agreed saying that sales would increase this holiday season. This study reported that holiday shoppers would spend almost $12 billion in online purchases between November 1 and December 31 this year, which represents a 66 percent increase over the same time period last year. The increase between the 1998 and 1999 holiday seasons was 126 percent. There is a slowdown in the degree of growth but it is still a substantial increase (Kontzner, 2000) The Gartner Group predicted a much larg er growth this year. They projected sales of $19.5 billion. This group also believed that dot-com stores and retail stores online Future5would not spend as much money on advertising this year. Instead, they will spend .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .postImageUrl , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:hover , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:visited , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:active { border:0!important; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:active , .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292 .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub44bc80970883e5ade2f2c80245ec292:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ENDERS GAME Essay

International Marketing and Its Challenges

Global marketing is described as the process through which individuals or companies produce products, offer services, and make them available to customers worldwide (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2006). This type of marketing has brought about development within the world and more so, creating job opportunities for many people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing and Its Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this analysis is to help readers establish more about international marketing and to learn on some of the challenges that this type of market is subjected to. It is also aimed at assisting individuals as well as companies in discovering ways in which they can indulge themselves in this kind of markets (Keegan and Green, 2012). Companies, which market their products and services globally, are faced with several cultural factors and as such, they either favor or disfavor their global marketing strategies. These cultural dimensions include; Competition Marketing globally tends to create a great competition especially if many entrepreneurs in the world, who uses the same channel to market, are engaging with the same type of products. Global marketing is largely facilitated by technological development aspects and hence bringing about tremendous development in communication and transport in meeting, the customer’s needs effectively (Johansson, 2008). As a result, continuous provision of quality products to consumers from different companies and countries is ensured. As such, it means that the competition for a product or service is very high. This can be regarded as a great challenge to entrepreneurs’ as they try to ensure that their goods are presentable and attractive to the consumers. In response to this challenge, companies pump many resources to try having a competitive advantage and as such, those companies with a small funding capa city can easily back out (Gerbe, 2007). Political culture The state of governance in countries, which a company decides to trade with, greatly determines how one will run his/her business in that country. In some countries, there exist conflicts in almost every sphere meaning that the political environment is unstable and as such, trading in that country becomes difficult (Gerbe, 2007). For instance, tax charged on imported goods might be very high such that low funded companies cannot meet and hence posing as a great hindrance to trade.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other countries employ dictatorship mode of governance and as such, some harsh rules are put into place, which tends to suppress the foreign investors and entrepreneurs and therefore, the marketing of a product or service may reduce due to harsh political environment (Johansson, 2008). Society Lifestyle I n any country, the lifestyle of its citizen will determine if the marketing of foreign made goods or services will be successful or not. Some products are not accepted in certain countries because of their cultures and taboos. Therefore, before a company decides to engage global marketing, it is necessary to find out if their way of living does support the use the product or service it intends to introduce. This decision is necessary as, if a company fails to consider the lifestyle, then it becomes a victim of terrible marketing thus tremendous losses (Hollensen, 2001). Capital Marketing globally necessitates pumping huge amounts of financial resources. This plays a great challenge to individual or companies who cannot meet the cost. It mostly affects the developing worlds as well as the third world countries (Matt, 2008). For a company to engage successfully into this type of market, it becomes important that there be a continuous flow of substantial income to ensure that there is no delay in the production of the product. The delay can lead to the collapse of the company due to the high competition from other well off firms where the consumers can turn to at any time. Capital necessary to finance such big investments can be obtained through loans from banks and other financial institutions (Dana, 2001). A company, for instance, dealing with cosmetic or beauty products, may face a challenge in its effort aimed at marketing its products globally whereby it would be subjected by stiff and unhealthy competition. Such a company should establish criteria on how to deal with this problem in order to survive in the field. Due presence of an integrated technology, the competition is exceedingly escalating and thus, for a company to survive this competition, it must ensure that its products are readily available to the consumers even at their doorsteps (Hollensen, 2007). The use of Internet makes it possible for enterprise to advertise their products using their websi te therefore reaching as many market segments as possible without incorporating a lot of resource or energy.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing and Its Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This, in turn, will ensure that the companies make tremendous amounts of profits. Since there are so many companies making use of global markets to market cosmetic products, there is a wide variety of products for the consumer to choose from, the quality of the product also determines how consumers will respond to the product (Kaynak, 2002). For a company to effectively engage in global marketing and develop a competitive advantage over its competitors, it must recommend ideas and tactics and incorporate them in its global marketing strategy. Such recommendations would include; Search competition culture information A company dealing with cosmetic and beauty products must take advantage of the existing integrated information technology to search adequately the relevant information regarding the nature of competition existing among companies marketing their beauty products globally. It must get into fine details including the amount of resources capable of giving it a commanding lead as well as a competitive advantage over its competitors. In addition, it must find information on untapped markets and doing all this, it can easily avoid unhealthy competition (Schmidtmann, 2008). High quality products and services To effectively attract a substantial demand for beauty products and services from customers across the world, it is necessary that a company dealing with such products to ensure that an integrated paradigm in management is put in place. As such, it will ensure that its products pass through quality assurance tests and hence, the products must be of superior quality. This is a winning strategy, putting competition into consideration, as customers will always prefer quality and unique products. Moreover, quality products are indispensable and will become accepted across many countries across the world (Hollensen, 2007). Multi level Marketing Beauty products are regarded as basic needs as nearly every person uses them. Their markets are readily available and as such, making use of people globally to take these products and services to their doorsteps becomes an important aspect if a company wishes to attain a competitive advantage. As such, not many companies indulging in global market trading do employ retailing at such levels. Utilizing diversified marketing levels is an important aspect in establishment of different market segments in an effort to mitigate the presence of stiff competition (Saidin, 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fair Prices While still maintaining high levels of quality among its beauty products and services, the company indulging itself in global marketing must ensure that it maintains affordable prices of their products and services. As such, the prices must be slightly below the competitor’s prices. Fair prices are used to entice customers and as such, they prove to be effective as large volumes of sales are realized and this means that a company has achieved a certain degree of command in respect to competition (Saidin, 2007). Liaison A company dealing with cosmetic and beauty products and services can liaise with specific wholesalers as well as retailers globally to sell its products through them subject to a small merit fee. A company, which intends to achieve an upper hand in issues concerning competition, it is necessary that, it approach various groups of traders to optimize the channels through which its products will be distributed. From this analysis, it is clear that glo bal marketing is faced with a great deal of challenges positioned by cultural dimensions the major ones being economic culture, that is, capital, competition from the like minded companies, politics in various countries across the world as well as the diversified lifestyles shown by different categories of people, their cultures, tastes and preferences. A company must be very cautious in engaging into the global market to avoid setbacks resulted by undesirability of its products. As such, it must establish measures to curb these possibilities, especially the case associated with global competition (Mooij, 2009). The most important effort towards mitigation of such issues is making substantial use of the integrated information technology to establish the strengths and the weaknesses of the competitors. References Czinkota, M.R, Ronkainen, I.R., (2006), Global marketing, Oklahoma: Dryden Press Dana, L.P., (2001), Global Marketing Co-Operation and Networks, New Jersey: Routledge Gerbe , K. (2007), Intercultural Communication as a Strategy of Global Marketing: Marketing, Marienstrasse: GRIN Verlag Hollensen, S. (2001), Global marketing: a market-responsive approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Hollensen, S., (2007), Global marketing: a decision-oriented approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Johansson, J.K. (2008), Global Marketing: Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, and Global Management, New York: MJMcGraw-Hill Irwin Kaynak, E. (2002), Strategic Global Marketing: Issues and Trends, New Jersey: Routledge Keegan, W.J, and Green, M., (2012), Global Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Matt, K.J. (2008), Global Marketing: A Cultural Point of View. Mason: Cengage Learning Mooij, M.K. (2009), Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Saidin, S. (2007), Global Marketing: Myth or reality. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Schmidtmann, L. (2008), Global Marketing and Global Human Resources Management – Internationale. Marienstrasse : GRIN Verlag This assessment on International Marketing and Its Challenges was written and submitted by user Gianna A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Final Reflection for Multicultural Literature †Essay

Final Reflection for Multicultural Literature – Essay Free Online Research Papers After taking RLL 528: Multicultural Literature I believe that I have taken a different perspective on the concept of multicultural literature. I have learned many things that socked me during the past few months causing myself to focus on different discriminatory pieces of literature that have been published. Next, while reading the standpoints that researchers and thinkers have taken I have formed my own opinions about the quality of multicultural literature. Finally, RLL 528 has changed me into becoming a more culturally fulfilled educator. When I entered the RLL 528: Multicultural Literature Grades K-12 class I was overwhelmed in terms of not exactly knowing how to choose quality multicultural literature. Our class was looking at different books in order to examine the overall quality of the text, and I was in all honesty confused. I think that I never knew authors could publish cultured books that would be prejudiced in one form or another. However, now I know that I was naà ¯ve in believing that all writers are using accurate information to produce multicultural books. At the same time many authors are not doing proper research to give validity to what they are writing. Once I realized that different authors were providing the audience with invalid information. I began doing my own research to determine if the books I was choosing were quality pieces. I started this process by reading the reviews that were provided by www.amazon.com, Publishers Weekly, School Library Journal, Booklist, and newspapers or websites that were tailored to a culture group such as the Jerusalem Post. Then I also used the book, MULTICULTURAL LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS by Mingshui Cai to further validate the conclusions I formed. The information I found using all of these sources shocked me. I never noticed that the evaluation of multicultural literature is such an in depth process. In the beginning of the semester we were given an article called, â€Å"ISSUES IN SELECTING MULTICULTURAL CHILDREN’S LITERATURE† by Junko Yokota. The article really set light on literary experiences students are facing in education. Since there are so many different issues students are facing educators must be careful in selecting multicultural literature for children. Yokota (1993) states that the definition for multicultural children’s literature is literature that represents any distinct cultural group though accurate portrayal and rich detail. The author also discusses the fact that teachers need to be culturally aware of mainstreaming going on in literature. Every teacher should include books that represent cultures other than mainstream cultures in their classroom, on booklists, and in the curriculum according to Junko Yokota. After reading these statements I realized that I needed to enhance my classroom library to provide more than just mainstreamed multicultural literary pieces. I was also able to have a concrete definition of multicultural literature that I could use to choose worthy books for my students. Another concept that Junko Yokota discussed was the insider verse outsider perspectives originally provided by Bishop and Harris in 1992. Yokota further describes each of these views in her article (Yokota, 1993). She states that, â€Å"an insider perspective is one that portrays a cultural group from the point of view of one who is a member of the group. An outside perspective is the portrayal of a cultural group by one who is not a member of the group† (p. 158). She also talked about how an insider’s perspective is going to more often give an accurate, authentic view of what people in the cultural group believe is true. A writer is able to do this because of the cultural experiences they face as an individual living in that area. When I was researching where certain author’s were from I was able to notice that the â€Å"true† literature is produced from a person who is part of a particular culture because they are living the occurrences first hand. I also realized that the story seemed to be written in a better storytelling format because the author was retelling things that have happened in his or her own culture. Junko Yokota also explains that a piece of literature should be rich in cultural details, use authentic dialogue and relationships, give an in-depth treatment of cultural issues, and include members of a minority group for the text to be complete (Yokota, 1993). When I read each of the elements Junko believed to be crucial in selecting literature I was better able to choose books that had proper multiculturalism in them. I ended up making a checklist that included each of Junko’s ideas allowing myself to pick better types of multicultural books. After reading Junko Yokota’s article I truly believe that I was given a more concrete idea of analyzing multicultural books for the students in my school. The other book that was the main focus in our classroom was MULTICULTURAL LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS by Mingshui Cai. There were many issues discussed in this book that I truly believe helped me develop a more concrete definition on multicultural literature. The first concept that really stuck out in my head was the idea of cultural authenticity. According to Howard the purpose of authentic multicultural literature is to help us liberate from the preconceived stereotypical ideas that cause us to limit our boundaries. I never really analyzed multicultural literature until I took this class, and I did not know what to look for when choosing books. After reading Howard’s idea on the definition of authentic multicultural literature I was more able to understand why books are written for many different cultures. A second concept that was discussed in chapter three of the Cai book was the idea of cultural boundaries. There are people who believe that having someone from outside the culture group writing about a specific culture may cause the information to be inaccurate. I was able to understand this concept much better after reading the ideas that Banks wrote about the four different levels of cross cultural capabilities. Banks states that at level one a person may have experienced a small amount of cross-cultural interactions causing them to only be partially aware of what occurs in the culture. Level two is when a person starts to incorporate some of the objects from the culture into his or her writings. At level three a person is fully included in both cultures. Finally, level four is when a person completely digests the other culture. After reading in detail about the leveling Banks presented I was better able to analyze if a multicultural book was adequate or not because I could look up information on the author to figure out which level they fit into. At the same time I was better able to understand the depths that an author should get into when writing a cultured book. In chapter four of the Cai book I was interested to see the idea of uniaction, interaction, and transaction classifications between the reader and the text. During the uniactional period a reader has to make meaning of the reading on his or her own. I was able to notice in choosing books that sometimes it may not be good for a reader to make their own meaning out of the text because they may make assumptions that are not correct. At the same time I realized that if a book is classified in the uniactional stage the educator would have to provide proper research so the students are able to understand the information better. On the other hand the interactional and transactional theories call for the reader and the text to add to the reading experience, and in the end there is no central meaning assigned. I noticed that many times is was easier to have better classroom discussions when it came to reading interactional or transactional types of literature because there was a better r eader/text interaction. At the same time I found myself looking for books that had a variety of concepts in them because it added information allowing educators to explain more ideas about the culture group at one time. A fourth theory that I found rather interesting and beneficial was the ideas that Bishop had on multicultural literature. He stated that a positive culture view is good for an audience to read, but at the same time the positive view does not have to include only good things that are happening in the culture. An example of this would be a burial ceremony or a special cultural dance. Bishop was explaining that if one can walk away thinking positively about the culture then the book could be culturally correct. I do believe with this idea because we are promoting our students to be more culturally aware of other cultures, and if they are able to see both sides of a culture they are more likely to appreciate it. I also noticed that by picking books that show many different things that occur in culture students are able to see how their culture may relate to others, which truly helps in explaining multicultural groups. The last idea that I took away from the Cai book was the reader response theory. The reader response theory states that a story may have more than one interpretation because of how the reader takes in the information. I thought that this was very beneficial to know because of the fact people from different cultures may not be as familiar with one specific culture group. At the same time I felt more comfortable doing classroom activities knowing that it was all right for children to take their own ideas away from the book after it was read. Also, I felt more confident in choosing books that I knew were culturally valid even if my students would take away their own meanings from the information provided. After looking at many different researchers I truly believe that I have changed as an educator. I am more confident in finding books that explain different culture groups. At the same time I do look for books that define the culture in many ways. I always thought that reading books to the class with many different â€Å"colored people† in the story gave children the idea of multicultural literature, but I was wrong. I have learned that focusing in on a specific culture group allows children to see the culture inside and out in a very complex fashion. During this course I have found myself spending a great deal of time on the internet looking at different book reviews to determine if the literature I am reading to my students is valid. At the same time I noticed some of the materials I thought were wonderful were not because they were not stating applicable information. I have learned to fill my classroom with multicultural books because it is crucial for children to lea rn about all types of cultures in the world we live in. When I do go buy a book I find myself reciting the information that I learned from the theorists I suggested above to ensure that I am finding culturally correct books. Another issue that I believe was crucial to my learning in this class was how I have changed over the semester. At the beginning of the semester I really thought I was not going to like the amount of work we had to do every week, but now that we are at the end of the semester I truly appreciate reading everything I read. I learned so much about analyzing books, and what to look for in a good multicultural book that I feel like a better educator. After our class met on Mondays I would go back to school and continuously analyze books because of the information I was presented with. This class was required for my masters program in language and literacy, but I do not look at in that way because I feel like I have learned such a great deal not only from readings but from the people in my class. Now that this class is coming to an end I have filled my classroom library with a great deal of multicultural books, feel that I have a concrete idea on what makes a good cultured book, and h ave received many ideas on how to incorporate these types of books in my classroom. A quote that I remember when I think of multicultural literature did not come from anything we read this semester, but the meaning reminds me of how important it is to teach a story fully and completely. The quote was found when I was looking some information up on the Internet for this course. Thomas De Quincey states, â€Å" There is first the literature of knowledge, and secondly, the literature of power. The function of the first isto teach; the function of the second isto move, the first is a rudder, the second an oar or a sail. The first speaks to the mere discursive understanding; the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the higher understanding or reason, but always through affections of pleasure and sympathy.† I truly believe that when we help move our children through literature they are better able to understand to concept of multicultural literature. At the same time we will all be better educators because we are using a wealth of knowledge to inform the ones who will be the future of our nation. Research Papers on Final Reflection for Multicultural Literature - EssayStandardized TestingMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Strategic Sourcing within DoD at the Operational Level Thesis

Strategic Sourcing within DoD at the Operational Level - Thesis Example But, it so happens that when hard workers develop great amenities, the fellow nations tries to copy those technologies either in a friendly or in a forceful manner. However, the nation which has toiled so hard to develop those technologies knows the effort which it has put in for gaining those utilities and as such would not be ready to forego that advantage for any friendly gesture. The resultant would be a war. As such, the nation with great amenities should always be watchful of this dilemma and be on its toes to avoid such war situations so as to safeguard its best technologies. This is the main reason that all the nations around the world maintain their own defense departments to create a fear of loss to their neighboring countries. This fear could be maintained only when secrecy of the technology developed is maintained. The same is the case with the Department of Defense (DoD) of U.S.A. with its headquarters in Pentagon. The main purpose of DoD is to maintain and supply forces of military in order to avoid situations of war and safeguard the nation. In this journey, it is forced to develop sophisticated technology for which a lot of resources have to be procured including the precious human effort thereby stretching itself to find out ways and means of fulfilling its mission of nation’s security. Along with such development, care should be taken to safeguard that technology so that, in the game between two nations, enemy nations do not become conversant with those inventions. Hence, ultimate secrecy has to be maintained at every point thereby impeding the commercialization of the unique inventions which were developed for defense purposes. It so happens that during such inventions, an off shoot of those inventions stands to be of immense help to the common man that if known its utility, their commercial value could be established with no doubt. For instance: Rayban sunglasses, were originally developed for air force pilots to ban the